Nursing Theory Essay

Motivation theories includeAchievement-motivation theory Expectancy theory Equity theory Motivation theories are derived predominantly from the work of:Abraham Maslow (a psychologist) Achievement-motivation theory developed by: Focus: Atkinson, McClelland, and Veroff Aspects of personality characteristics and proposes 3 forms of motivation/needs in work situations (achievement, power, affiliation) Individuals are not as concerned with the rewards of achievement as they are with the actual achievement are:Achievement (high need achievement) Expectancy theory Major concept In 1964 –Vroom decided to add the concept of expectancy, instrumentality & valence to motivation Expectancy is defined as Instrumentality describes Valance is In Short, the Expectancy Theory states thatDeveloped by Victor Vroom in 1960s The effect of ability and motivation on performance Performance = ability X motivation Performance = expectancy x instrumentality x valence The association between the action and the outcome of the action (action will lead to achieve goal) The type of outcome derived b/c of an action (achievement of a goal will lead to reward) The value placed on the desirability of the outcome by the employee An individual will act (performance) in a certain manner b/c there is an expectation (motivation) that the act will result in an outcome. Equity theory Developed by: This theory attempts to describe: Stacy Adams-a research psychologist The relationship in which an individual give something (input) and in exchange receives something (outcome) Ex: an individual expects that if he/she works hard at a job (input), he/she will receive compensation or recognition (outcome) based on what he/she put in Concepts of power, empowerment, and change Power is The larger concept from which authority is derived Power is defined asInfluence wielded (used) by an individual or group of individuals to change behaviors & attitudes and to sway decisions Authority isA formal right based on the manager’s position in the organization. A source of legitimate power 5 bases/sources of powerReward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert power Coercive, reward, & legitimate power – are considered formal bases of power Referent & expert power – are personal bases of power Two other bases of power Informational power vs. charismatic powerInformational power – is the power held by an individual who has the information necessary for others to accomplish a task or goal Charismatic power – is the power that attracts one individual to another Empowerment isThe transfer or delegation of responsibility & authority from managers to employees; empowerment is the sharing of power (sharing vision, mission, knowledge, expertise†¦) Change Planned Change Theory Central to Lewin theory A field – Force – have 2 forces (driving force vs. restraining forces) By Kurt Lewin (a German psychologist –if u care!!! ) The concepts of field and force Can be viewed as a system (if one part of the system change, then the whole system must be examined to determine the effect of that change) Driving force – encourages/facilitates movement to a new direction, goal, or outcome Restraining force – (opposite with driving force). Restraining forces block or impede progress toward the goal. Problem-Solving and decision-making processes The Rational Decision-Making ModelInvolves a cognitive process where each step follows in a logical order from the one before. By cognitive, It means -based on thinking through and weighing up the alternatives to come up with the best potential result. Bounded rational decision-making model (Bounded rationality) Means that humans are unable to make entirely rational decision b/c of the limits of human mental abilities and b/c of the influence of external force on decision making. A decision maker is said to exhibit bounded rationality when they consider fewer options than are actually available, or when they choose an option that is not â€Å"the best overall† but is best within the current circumstances. E. g. , someone spills coffee on a shirt in a restaurant, and goes next door and buys a poorly fitting shirt to change into immediately. Obviously it would be optimal to buy a proper fitting shirt. But if the person is in a hurry and cannot wear a wet, coffee stained shirt, then buying the poorly fitting one is appropriate. This is an example of bounded rationality Group Decision Making modelOften used when the decision is complex, such as when a new process or product is being developed. Advantage: the decision made may be higher quality Major errors may be avoided Disadvantage: Take longer to reach decision May lead to compromises that really do not solve the problem Organizational Quantitative Decision-Making Techniques Rely on facts & quantitative measures (data based) to make decisions (although intuition & judgment still influence the decision making process) Conflict Management Characteristics of a conflict situation: Conflict Mode Model 2 types of response: cooperativeness vs assertiveness Thomas & Kilmann (1974) – 5 conflict-handling modes/strategies: Thomas (1976) recommended that the FIRST COURSE of action is to discern (recognize) the other party’s intent in causing the conflict before determining how to respond Cooperativeness – focus on statisfying the other person’s concern Assertiveness – focus on statisfying one’s own concern 1. Competing or forcing – used when the issue is important, needs speedy resolution . Ex. An individual pursues his own concerns at the other person’s expense. This is a power-oriented mode in which you use whatever power seems appropriate to win your own position. (Assertive but uncooperative) 2. Accomodation – opposite of competing. When accomodating – the individual neglects his own concerns to stisfy the concerns (assertive and cooperative) 3. Avoidance – the person neither pursues his own concerns nor those of the other individual.

Shui Fabrics Question 1 Ans

Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and theinflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and makedecisions. For example, interest rates affect a firm’s cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and supply and price of imported goods in an economy. There are economic differences that influence the relationship between the partners at Shui Fabrics. Chiu Wai, operated Shanghai Fabrics LTC located in China, before it became a joint venture with Rocky River Industries in the United States. When the companies became a venture, Chiu Wai became the Deputy General Manager for Shui Fabrics in China and venturing company Rocky River Industries located in US. Ray Betzell who is the General Manager for Shui Fabrics came to China from Rocky River Industries. Many companies who do business in others countries and cultures fail miserably. Managers must do their homework and learn the business ethic and culture lifestyles before even considering venturing into markets in different counties. To me it seems like neither of the managers did their homework and are having problems maintaining the economic factors that influence their company. A developing country is a non-industrialized poor country that is seeking to develop its resources by industrialization. A developed country is a country that has a high level of development according to some criteria such as income per capita and industrialization. Political-Legal factors include discrimination, consumer, antitrust, employment, and health and safety law. They also include how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restriction tariffs, and political stability. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Political factors may also include goods and serves which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does now want to be provided. Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Political officials are going to be a big part of the team because they have strong influence on economic life in China. Ray must reach out to them and understand their goals. Success will depend on the personal involvement of top executives. The partners differ dramatically in terms of what constitutes an acceptable financial return. Chiu Wai is happy with achieving a 5% to 6% profit and believes he is viewed as a local hero. Upon achieving his goal he feels that he has done a good job for his country morally and for their side of enterprise by creating jobs for close to 3,000 people. He wants to grow the scope of Shui Fabrics and establish a national brand. Ray Betzell wants a 20% ROI and will only consider growth if it improves profitability, has no interest in creating employment unless it improves the bottom line, is considering maybe having to layoff employees to improve bottom line. He wants to improve quality, and sees no benefit to creating a Chinese brand because it views China as a low-cost manufacturing platform rather than a market. Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, populations growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safely. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company’s products and how the company operates. With this being said, Ray needs to move outside his personal comfort zone as a manager. There seems to be a lack of clear, shared strategy between the two partners. When the company started 10 years ago, Rocky River has launched Shui Fabrics, a 50/50 joint venture between the U. S. extile manufacture and the Chinese company, to produce dye, and coat fabric for sale to both Chinese and international sportswear manufacturers. Intent seemed clear in beginning after many obstacles, considerable red tape and several money losing years the joint venture was fulfilling China expectations and those of local government and party officials. It seems there was once a clear strategy that has been forgotten over the course of ten year s. Another social factor that is different between the partners would be that a profit over 20% return on investment may be perceived as Western exploitation. When it comes to doing business in China, respect for people’s feelings is paramount – this sensitivity that needs to be taken in respect to people’s ‘face’. Face – a cliche, is the currency of advancement. It’s like a social bank account. You spend it and you save it and you invest. And when you take away somebody’s face you take way someone’s fundamental sense of security. Because of China’s history of exploitation by foreign countries who colonized China or raided China for business purposes, particularly in the business sphere, Chinese do not want to be seen culturally as having been ‘had’ by Western usinesspeople. (http://www. nytimes. com/2010/12/14/business/global/14iht-busnav14. html)Chiu Wai is pleased with the way the company is operating and feels that Shui is generating just the right level of profit especially because many U. S. -Chinese joint ventures are still operating in red tape. He se es no reason why Ray’s American bosses shouldn’t be more than satisfied with their 5% annual return on investment. This tells me that Chiu is unclear of his company’s strategic goals. Without a clear strategy it is impossible to choose right structure and extent of cooperation with a foreign partner. Unfortunately Chiu Wai attitude at Shui Fabrics jeopardizes the success of joint venture investment. As you can see the partners don’t share the same vision or philosophy at Shui Fabrics, the joint venture within China and the U. S. The disparity in viewpoints can dramatically hamper performance. In order for them to make the company succeed they need to come up with a clear, shared strategy that they both can agree and understand. Power Distance is the extent to which a community accepts and endorses authority, power differences and status privileges. In China, social relationships are formal, hierarchical. People mostcomfortable in the presence of a hierarchy in which they know their position andthe customs/rules for behavior in the situation. The Americans social relationships are informal, egalitarian. People mostcomfortable with their social equals; importance of social rankings minimized. 2. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies onsocial norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events. In China, obligation relationships with other people involve reciprocalobligations. In American, obligation people avoid interdependent relationships andsituations that might entail long term obligations. 3. Individualism and collectivism Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose and everyone is expected to look after him/herself and hisor her immediate family only. Collectivism stands for society in which people from birthonwards are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups, which throughout people’slifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The Chinese are collectivist because they place higher value on groupcooperation and individual modesty. The Americans are individualism because they place higher value on self-reliance. Self-promotion is more accepted. High value on freedom from externallyimposed constraints. 4. Masculinity/femininity indicates the extent to which dominant values in a society tendto be assertive and look more interested in things than in concerning for people and thequality of life. The Chinese are relationship-oriented maintaining a harmonious relationshiphas priority over accomplishing tasks. Americans have task-oriented relationships that are less important than gettingthe work done. 5. Assertiveness is the degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational, andaggressive in their relationships with others. The Chinese avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversionaltopics. Concern maintaining harmony and with face. Americans are willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversionaltopics, press personal opinions about what they consider the truth. Little concernwith face. 6. Future Orientation is the degree to which a collective encourages and rewards futureoriented behaviors such as planning and delaying gratification. The Chinese pay relatively more attention to the past and the longer termfuture. Americans are less interested in the past they focus on the near-term future7. Gender differentiation is the degree to which a collective minimized gender inequality. In China, traditionally a person’s status in the society was based importantlyon inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. In America, traditionally a person’s status in the society was based importantlyon inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. 8. Performance orientation

Internal Factors Essay

Parents strategies( W1+ T2)| a) SO strategy Eastern & Oriental has a good brand name and well- known product among Malaysians. Brand equity is the value and strength of the brand that decides its worth. E&O is a strong and familiar company with their brand like hotels where is give some favourable positive strong and distinctive brand association in the public’s memory. Eastern & Oriental Berhad should strengthen their promotion method by using advertisement through mass media. E&O can use Malaysian Tourism Sector to improve their brand equity. Malaysian Tourism Sector is the one way to promote product and let people know their products. Populations in Malaysia increasing everydays, it gives E&O more opportunities with increasing the number of branches. Besides that, E&O can expand their business with make a good relationship between employee. Great relationship with employee can motivate workers to do great tasks and jobs. b) ST strategy As we know nature disaster is not under our controlled. We cannot control when nature disaster can occur. Eastern & Oriental can take this threat as a strength, where E&O may build many station or branches as alternative options. So that, when disaster nature happens, only station for that location are damaged but then, there are anothers branches. E&O have to build a good relationship between customers. So that, indirectly, customers will help E&O promote their products to relatives, friends and others. Top management of E&O should emphasize about relationships between customers and employees. Success of a company not only depends on the operating solely but also the efficiency of employees in the company. For E &O Berhad, their employees are most valuable asset toward the success of business. Beside the incentives that already be given to the employee such as rewards, E & O incentives for workers who perform on their performances accordance to standards such as reward or bonuses is one of the strategic method to motivate workers give full commitment in completing their jobs. Natural of human being, people tends to do their best if they will be rewarded. By using this method of management, an organization could get benefit in their production and thus increase the profit. c) WO Strategy Placing a good strategic can affect the frequency number of customers’ consumption towards company’s products. This is one of the factors which the company should have to be concern regarding sensitivity of customers that is risk assessment. E & O can analyze and do research of the environmental scanning in terms of the location which has uncertainty risk that it will be threat towards company’s activity performance such as earthquakes, rainfall region, high land and any other places that have high possibility in risk. As we know, nowadays people tends to use technologies most of the time. Purchasing groceries, monitor children and others transactions with the technology. So that, E & O must take this threats of technologies as a opportunities where it can ease E & O more. d) WT Strategy In order to avoid competition in hospitality industry, E & O could use a parent procedure or guidelines to overcome those threats. Parents procedure usually was a successful strategy that already approved by the performance of parents company. Thus by using parents procedure, E & O just not able to overcome the threats but also able to increasing company performance toward company objective. Ratio Analysis. Ratio| Formula| Answer| Current Ratio| Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities| E&O Berhad’s rich history and heritage, infused by its namesake, the E&O Hotel in Penang form the cornerstone for the Group’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This is E&O’s guiding principle as they conduct their business in a manner that will enable them to contribute towards the preservation of the heritage, culture and arts within the communities they operate in. This is specially meaningful since George Town’s inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as well as the recognition of the 127- years old E&O Hotel as a Penang heritage landmark. Demonstrate they commitment to and belief in CSR by conducting their business in an economically, socially and environmentally responsible manner while simultaneously balancing the interests of their diverse stakeholders. Preserving culture, heritage and arts During the financial year, a significant portion of the E&O Group’s limited available resources were allocated towards heritage and cultural activities supporting George Town as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, consistent with the Group’s strong presence in Penang. This included supporting the month- long George Town Festival (GTF) which is organized by the Penang State Government, Municipal Council of Penang Island, George Town World Heritage Incorporated and Penang Global Tourism to commemorate the city’s inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage listing. The Group’s collaboration with The Actors Studio (TAS), Malaysia’s foremost performing arts group, to set up the Performing Arts Centre of Penang (penangpac) is seen as a positive step in providing penangites and the northern region with greater access to the arts. Other ongoing CSR initiatives include contributions to underprivileged communities, charities and non- governmental organisations as well as facilitating the Community Recycling Centre in their Seri Tanjung Pinang masterplanned seafront development as part of the â€Å"Green Our World† initiative where proceeds from the sale of recyclable items were donated to charity. The Group also contributed to the Chinese New Year Cultural and Heritage celebrations that were held Penang- state wide with the participation of local associations and schools in the core heritage zone. Transparency in the market place. In maintaining transparency and accountability to their stakeholders, the Group continually provides clear, transparent and timely information to the marketplace through regular press releases, roadshows, briefings, meetings and interviews with members of the media, investment community and analyst. Shareholders and invited participants like the Minority Stakeholder Watchdog Group (MSWG) are briefed directly on the company’s performance and plans at annual and extraordinary general meetings. Accessible in the public domain and regularly updated is the Group’s corporate information at www. easterandoriental.

Computer Security Information Risk Assessment & Security Management Essay

Computer Security Information Risk Assessment & Security Management - Essay Example Before computers became ubiquitous, confidential information was stored in documents, photographs, audio or video tapes, etc. The confidentiality was ensured by keeping these items in locked safes, bank vaults, dual control safes, etc. This is prevalent to some extent even today. With Computers becoming ubiquitous, documents are now largely electronic. To preserve their integrity and confidentiality, recourse is made to password protection, data encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection software, etc. (Parker. B, Donn. Microsoft Encarta, n. d.) This is the age of the World Wide Web. Nowadays, almost every person having a vehicle loan, a housing loan, a credit or debit card, and automated teller machine card, a social security number, a passport, a driving license, a telephone connection, etc, has to provide detailed personal information to the agency or authority, which provides that particular facility or service. Most if not all such information is in electronic form and stored in some centralized Computer's Database. The crux of the problem is this electronic form of personal data. If a hacker succeeds in his hacking attempt then all such confidential data can be viewed, changed or destroyed by the hacker. There exist a vast number of such co... software such as automatic computer virus generators, internet eavesdropping sniffers, password guessers, vulnerability testers and computer service saturators to further their criminal ends. Adoption of such methods makes identity theft, fraudulent withdrawals from a bank account, fraudulent electronic funds transfer, etc, possible. A vast amount of confidential data is regularly exchanged between governmental agencies and financial institutions like banks and other corporations. This transfer of information usually takes place between computers located in different and far off places. In the 1970's Horst Fiestel of IBM, developed an encryption system known as Lucifer. In 1977, the U.S National Bureau of Standards developed an encryption standard known as the Data Encryption Standard. In 1997, the NIST developed the Advanced Encryption Standard. The use of these methods makes the encrypted message almost impossible to decipher. Unfortunately, this is used by terrorists and international criminals to plan and execute their nefarious activities. (Sutton. G, William, Rubin .D, Aviel, Microsoft Encarta, n. d.) The world is becoming increasingly networked. In this scenario, data encryption algorithms of increasing complexity are ensuring the secure transmission of information across Computer Networks. Password protected logins, firewalls, anti - spy ware like intrusion detection systems, anti - virus, application safeguards like generation of checksums, use of maker checker concept in financial transactions, authentication message source, use of roles and privileges, limit on transaction amount, redundancy of backups, parallel databases and the physical security of hardware. In addition to this, a mock disaster recovery drill should be conducted on a regular

Introspection of Faith in the Act of Terrorism Assignment

Introspection of Faith in the Act of Terrorism - Assignment Example The September 2011 bombing of World Trade Center marked a climatic event in history. Al Qaeda, the Islamic terrorist group, achieved worldwide fame upon its linkage to the bombings (Farmer, 2003). The loss of lives in the attack induced American patriotism and the need to eradicate terrorism. It paved the way for urgent and extensive means in combating terrorism. In spite of the negativity and rage in which the world perceived the attacks, Al Qaeda saw it in a contradictory perspective. For the members of Al Qaeda, there is global declension and there is a need to put today’s society into complete demise (Farmer, 2003). The death of the people who they deem as ‘evil’ is a triumphant moment for Al Qaeda. According to them, they are acting to please their God by eliminating America which they deem as the â€Å"evil power† . On the other hand, although Islam is the most associated religion in terrorism, there are also terrorist groups claiming their values are based on Christianity. One of these is the Ku Klux Clan. The original aim upon the founding of the group is severely deviated from the deeds they performed. From the playful acts and practical jokes in the 1800’s, Ku Klux Clan became one of the notorious racist and moralist groups in history (Farmer, 2003). They argued that white people are superior and that they are true descendants fitted to inherit the kingdom of God (Farmer, 2003). Consequently, black people and those who do not meet their moral criteria are labeled as targets.

Letter of Motivation for Master of Laws in Advanced Studies in Public Essay

Letter of Motivation for Master of Laws in Advanced Studies in Public International Law - Essay Example Throughout my student career, and also in my working life, the particular focus on global politics and the consequent legal frameworks supporting international systems have sharpened in my mind. I am at present completing a Master’s program in Global Politics and International Relations at Bahà §eÅŸehir University in Istanbul (begun in 2007) and am currently employed as a Research Assistant at Okan University Faculty of Law in the department of Public International Law. Previous to this I achieved the Master of European Union Law at Istanbul University, where I studied from 2006 to 2009, after completion of my under-graduate courses at the Marmara University Faculty of Law (2000-2005). Evident from both my thesis topics within the courses mentioned above, and my employment history, is the committed interest I have in International Law. For the LLM Program at the Istanbul University Faculty of Law, I submitted the thesis The German Practice within the Scope of the EU Counter-Terrorism Policies; my current thesis topic is titled Migration and Citizenship in Turkey. I have also sought out work, short-course, and seminar opportunities related to my field of interest. I was a trainee at the Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies in 2007. I also worked in organizational and co-ordination capacities at the NATO Summit in Istanbul (2004); the World News Agencies Summit (2003); and the ECO Heads of State Summit Meeting in 2002. Additionally, I have attended seminars on topics as diverse as the Enlargement Process of the European Union and Turkey, The Effects of Globalization on the Law – the Role of the WTO, and Violence against Women and Sexual Crimes during the last few years. As a student, too, I was involved in this area – as President of the European Law Students’ Association (2003-2004) and as Vice-President of Seminars and Conferences for ELSA Istanbul (2002). I was also awarded the DAAD Scholarship to enter the â€Å"Program for International

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 30

No topic - Essay Example Considering this, a company may reward performance by appreciating the work of an employee or offering financial incentives to boost them. This involves teams with gifts, money, certificates or recognition of an individual effort. To ensure that employees are compensated fairly, companies should develop a compensation and rewards programs that set targets. These programs help in training employees in their required efforts and the benefits derived at the completion of the tasks (Sims 33). Companies design and administer the benefits of setting goals and drawing strategies that determine the anticipated rewards. It is critical for large businesses to have a human resource department in order to help in the recruiting and administration of the workers. It is apparent that large businesses hire workers from diverse backgrounds because of the skills. The HR department undertakes the responsibility of ensuring that the employees meet the expectations of the firm in terms of skills and experience possessed. The HR department is also critical for large businesses because it helps in facilitating employee relations and organizational culture (Sims 38). This concerns strengthening the relationships between workers in separate departments through evaluating job satisfaction and employee engagement. Another essential aspect of having an HR department is that it enhances discipline within larger organizations. The employees must fulfill the requirements of the organization of face sanctions that may entail reduction of allowances, demotion or suspension. It is also necessary to have an HR department i n large companies to provide training and development programs to the employees (Sims 39). This ensures that the workers update their skills to match the market requirements and offer high quality services in the industry. In order to improve the company, the HR department needs to create a favorable and fair environment for all the

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Sociology - Essay Example I called another friend and we carpooled; he drove. It was quite a drive so it’s a good thing that there was no drinking after all. On the way, we were talking about how the others were doing now, what keeps them busy and entertained. We finally arrive. The door of the house opens and the smile of a beautiful lady, which neither of us knew, greets us. â€Å"Hello,† she says, â€Å"I’m Ann. I’m Matt’s girlfriend. He’s in the kitchen right now but your friends are already in the dining room.† We enter the dining room, and were surprised to see everybody seated and having the same sort of puzzled, amazed look on their faces. Ann guides us to our seats and sits down herself. Then, Matt comes in, but we couldn’t see his face, that is, until he puts down a giant turkey right in the middle of the table. Everybody exchanges looks. One friend then says, â€Å"Didn’t we celebrate thanksgiving already? What’s the turkey for Matt?† Matt replies, â€Å"Of course it isn’t thanksgiving. But it doesn’t have to happen only once a year you know. You can be thankful anytime. In fact, I have a lot to be thankful for. I called you all up and you’re all here. And of course, you met Ann. I’m thankful for her too, of course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Matt goes on talking until we finally get to taste the delicious bird, the stuffing, and the cranberry sauce. We all went home happily. But most of all, we all went home thankfully. We were thankful tha t everybody was doing well, thankful that we all came, and, certainly, thankful that we all have a friend like

Terrorism and Its Indirect Victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism and Its Indirect Victims - Essay Example Of course, we can't forget the many police, firefighters, and other people on the streets who were buried in rubble or hit with falling bricks or other types of debris. All of these describe the direct victims are a terrorist attack, those who were killed or maimed. In the bombing of the Oklahoma City Federal Building, we find many direct victims as well, though these numbers were nowhere near the thousands who lost their lives when the two planes crashed into the World Trade Center Twin Towers. It is not difficult to understand and visualize these victims and what the direct effect was on them from these attacks. These are the direct victims; those who suffered death or severe injury from a terrorist attack. On the other end of the scope, there are the indirect victims. Who or what are these indirect victims The first one that comes to mind for anyone is the families of the direct victims: wives, children, parents, other relatives, and friends. These are the ones who suffer, being without a loved one on which they depended either emotionally or financially. Additionally, according to a review published October 4, 2001 by InView (http://www.newss.ksu.edu/WEB/News/InView/100401terrorism.html), the psychological effects of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center will last for quite a long time. "There will be a lot of people who will suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. We saw it with the Oklahoma City bombing and those who were in Vietnam," Rappoport said. "Some people will not recover too well and the emotional damage will be permanent (Paragraph 5)." The indirect effects of terrorism can often be worse than the direct effects, The victim, if he or she survives, recovers from the physical injuries, but the emotional damage, a indirect result of the attack, is likely to continue for many years. For those victims who have lost their lives, as the many during the attacks on the World Trade Center, the psychological damage to their loved ones will continue for many years to come. The loved ones are going to have to continue without the presence of the person who was directly affected by the terrorist attack, and that is going to be a difficult task to accomplish. For the wives and children, the effects will be more long term because suddenly one woman must become both mother and father when her psychological well-being is not at its highest peak. The hardest part is that it's not going to go away like it does during an auto accident; these are events the family and children will face on a daily basis. It is likely that both the Oklaho ma City Bombings and the attacks on the World Trade Center are events that later generations will be reading in their Social Studies and History classes. What about the terrorists Can we classify them as victims as well Certainly, they are responsible for a horrendous act of violence, but at the same time, it may not always be of their own free will. An article from the April 2005 ChronWatch and published on the Internet (http://www.newss.ksu.edu/WEB/News/InView/100401terrorism.html, "Why Good Muslims Become Terrorists") explains the effect that a belief in Islam has on its people. These excerpts from the original article written by Ali Sina explains that it is not the Muslims

Technology as an Aide to Developing Cleaner Solutions in Environment Essay

Technology as an Aide to Developing Cleaner Solutions in Environment - Essay Example Big bold measures are needed to make a difference now. New technology is the medium that will help address the issue of environmental issues from a "prevention" perspective rather than a "solution". Both developed and developing countries air pollution is a common hazard. While acid rain is more common in developed nations, serious air pollution is more common in the developing nations. Millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and nitrogen are released into the atmosphere by industry and vehicles. These gases react with rain, mist, snow etc and fall as acid rain, far removed point of origin being transported by winds that blow. Air pollution is considered to be worst in Canada, USA, Central and northern Europe. Other pollutants include volatile organic compounds or VOC, associated with vehicle emissions like ammonia and ozone forming near surface of earth fuelled by the combination of nitrogen oxides and voc. Lead pollution has been curbed in developed nations but the leaded petrol still being sold affects developing nations. 450000 tonnes of lead released by humans every year, vehicle exhausts being a major cause. Pollution of our water resources is another area of concern. The numerous bodies of water are now big dumping grounds. 83% of all marine pollution is from land-based activities. Agricultural pesticides and herbicides, domestic and industrial sewage with toxic oils, human waste and radioactive wastes have contributed to declining water quality. Accidental oil seepage from refineries adds to the pollution and upsets the very fragile marine life and ecosystem. Sellafield, UK and Cap de la Hague, France has been blamed for local deaths and sickness due to polluted water. Unclean water kills 25 million people in developing nations every year at least three fifths of them being children. Third world countries that do not have enough potable water force people to draw water from contaminated sources that harbour pathogens, or carriers of disease. The increase i n population around the world has heralded a burst of numerous problems. Their increasing need for food and housing has accelerated the degradation of the soil and forest resources. To cater to the volumes of food needed to support the exploding population due to industrialized nations and automations, the use of pesticide and toxins in agriculture has become widespread. As more and more pesticides are used, these "super pests" develop more resistance and stronger pesticides are needed, increasing land contamination and contributing to a vicious cycle. This population and the industries catering to them also generate staggering amount of wastes. Uncontrolled waste presents environmental and health risks. Managing this waste gives rise to a

Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Essay Example for Free

Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Essay Question 1 Summarise the main development of a child from the age range 0-2 years, 3-5 years and 5-8 years. Development 0-2 years When a baby is born they are helpless. Although from 0-2 years the development of a child is very rapid. A baby will go from not being able to hold up their own head to being able to talk, walk, run and climb the stairs all within this time frame. Through this time frame a baby will be able to support and lift their own head and kicking their legs. They will be able to focus on close objects such as their own fingers and hands. They will start to smile and recognise the face of their main care giver. The baby will be startled by sudden noises, such as banging doors. As they progress they will start to reach out for objects and toys that attract their attention and start to make noises. Their hand to hand and hand-eye coordination develops as they learn to pass objects from one had to another and reach out and grab things for themselves. When the child is older they will use this developed hand to hand and hand to eye coordination to start making marks on paper with crayons. As their muscles develop and get stronger they will start to sit up unaided and pull themselves up to a standing position. The child will start teething and begin to learn to crawl and eventually walk unaided. Their independence will grow as they start to want to feed themselves first  with finger food then using a spoon. They will start to say simple words such as mama/dada and start to recognise their own name, this will eventually develop into the child starting to string simple sentences together and saying other words and understanding them. As the balance improves a child will learn how to kick and throw a ball. 3-5 years In this stage of development a child will build on what he/she already knows, such as walking. This will be steadier and they will be able to walk backwards and climb up and downstairs confidently. The child will be able to draw more recognisable pictures, such as faces, rather than just scribbles. The vocabulary is a wider range as they learn how to say more words and can string together longer sentences. They will start to ask ‘why’ as they grow more curious about the world around them. As the vocabulary grows they will be more capable of describing how they are feeling (happy, sad or angry).They can learn and recite simple nursery rhymes from memory. As an adult you start to see a personality develop as they develop a sense of humour a sense of what they find funny or not so funny. They start to become sociable and enjoying playing with other children . 5-8 years With this stage of development again the child builds on what he/she already knows. Through this stage adult teeth start to grow. The child can start to do things more confidently, such as being able to use scissors to cut out shapes. With guidance a child will start to learn the consequences of their own actions and behaviour whether it is good or bad. Whilst playing games and sports with their peers they will start to become more competitive. The vocabulary has grown enormously to roughly 2000 words which they have learnt through learning to read or picked up from what other people, adults and peers, have said around them. The ability to concentrate on one thing at a time has also increased and they are less easily distracted. For 3-8 year olds physical development is not as fast paced as it is in the first 2 years of life. 3-8 year old development is more cognitive and emotional. Question 2 Analyse key social, economic and environmental factors which may influence development Allergies  Food allergies can be severe as well as fatal, as some allergies, such as nuts, can cause anaphylactic shock. This causes the airways to swell up and cut off the ability to breath. A food allergy that is often over looked is an allergy to E numbers, which is an allergy to artificial colouring and flavouring and sometime emulsifiers that are found in our food. This allergy can cause the child to become hyperactive, violent and in extreme cases physically sick. This can have an effect on a child’s development physically, emotionally and socially. The child may stop eating altogether if, in the extreme cases, they start to associate eating with being sick. This can lead them to stop growing as they are not digesting the nutrients that they need for growth and development. With the hyperactivity comes the inability to focus on any one thing for a set period of time, which will have an effect of what they learn and how well they learn it. Socially the child may be in able to make the friends that he wants as the other child may cautious of the child due to the hyperactivity and possibly the violence. Health Problems There are many health problems that can affect a child’s development. Eczema can cause distraction problems particularly if the child is badly affected by it. Eczema is a drying of the skin which leads it to becoming itchy. If the eczema is not effectively treated then it can lead to the skin being itched to the point where it is broken and bleeding and this in turn can lead to infection. Some cases of eczema are caused by food allergies, fabric powders/ softeners and in some cases we just don’t know why the skin flares up as it does. If the eczema is not treated the child can constantly be itching and uncomfortable and this is at the fore front of their mind rather than the activity at hand. If the child does end up with infected parts of the skin this can lead to poor attendance for school and missing out on the needed education. Environment/Poverty/Social factors such as love and affection The environment a child grows up in can have a detrimental effect on their soc ial skills and building relationships with others. If the child grows up on an environment where there are caring parents/siblings then a child will grow to learn and realise that this is how relationships with others should be, whether it is with a teacher or another child. If there is no love in a family then a child will grow up to think that it is not cared  for by anyone at all, this can follow them on into adult life and effect relationships there too. They may become withdrawn, sad and untrusting. Although a child may look ok on the outside inside is full of turmoil. They may come to believe that what has happened to them is there fault and come to regarding themselves as no good and not deserving of the love and kindness that their peers receive. They may also have little trust in the people around them for fear of being hurt by them as they have been before. Living within a large city may cause problems for a child’s development if there is a high level of unemployment and low income. Something as simple as not having access to public transport, whether it’s a bus, taxi or train, because you can’t afford the fares can affect the child being able to get into school on a regular basis and so miss out on the education that they deserve and need. There is another problem that comes with low income. If you have a low income you may only be able to buy what you can afford which may mean a child does not get a balanced diet. Usually with unemployment and low income comes poorer housing. This can lead to health problems in both child and adult alike. They can be affected by mould spores and living in drafty and cold conditions, this will lead to children who may be constantly ill and so in turn cannot attend school as much as they should. These illness may also have an effect on their physical development as the illnesses may affect the ability for the body to develop as it should. Children need constant stimulation whether it is for the mind or the body. Living in poorer areas may mean that areas to play and run around are lacking, whether it is a park or a garden, without proper stimulation a child’s development can be slower to progress that that of his peers. Loss or Bereavement A child may not process death in the same way that an adult or young person does. They may come to realise that a person is no longer a part of their lives. On the other end of the scale they may suffer anxiety that is focused on yourself as the parent. They may begin to believe that you yourself may not return to them when leaving them at either play group or school. They may become clingy and withdrawn compromising their ability to learn and maintain their friendships with their peers. They may also suffer anger and hostility towards people or may even think that the person who has died has  left them because they didn’t like the child anymore so the child may see it as being their own fault. This can lead to a child growing to be very lonely and not being able to build new or maintain any sort of relationship with anyone. Separation and Divorce A child’s social and emotional development can be affected by the separation or divorce of their parents. They can come to believe that the separation is their own fault. They can experience feelings of guilt, anxiety and sadness. They may as with bereavement become withdrawn and sorrowful or hostile and angry. This factor can also make it difficult for a child to maintain relationships or make new ones. Care givers need to be available for the child should they need them for emotional support. The child may also apportion blame on to someone else within their lives, whether it be the parent that has left the family home or and new partner that the remaining parent has found. During and after this time the child in question may find it difficult to develop new or maintain any social relationships, especially while they have several different emotions going on inside them. They may find it hard to process all these possibly new emotions and find it hard to concentrate on anythi ng else. Learning Difficulties Learning difficulties come in a vast range, anything from Downs Syndrome to Dyslexia. These learning difficulties can slow the learning development of the effected child. Dyslexia sufferers have particular difficulty with reading and writing Just because a child of 4yrs can write their name and read a few words doesn’t mean that a child of the same age with dyslexia can. When we learn to read we learn to sound out the letters that make up the word. Children also have lessons in school that focus on phonics which is to help them identify the sounds in words such as igh, oo, ai. These are called phonemes. A dyslexic child has difficulty in identifying and sounding out these phonemes and so makes the whole learning process slower. This can lead to the child becoming behind in there learning to that of their peers and will need extra help in place to help them not fall so far behind in their learning. Loss of limbs or the use of senses The loss of limbs or senses can be very traumatic both emotionally and  physically. Loss of limbs or senses can happen in a variety of ways such as a road traffic accident, a birth defect or severe infection. Losing a limb or senses can effect a child mentally, emotionally and physically. If the limb or sense is lost through accident a child may become angry and upset, withdrawn or even become depressed. They may feel a sense of hopelessness, worthlessness and have in appropriate guilt that the loss of limb or sense was their own fault somehow. The adjustment for a child losing a limb or senses will be an ongoing process. They may seem to be adjusting and taking everything in their stride but as the cognitive side of development grows then the child will start to understand more fully what has happened and may set them back in the adjustment process, as they begin to realise that the loss of a limb or the senses can an impact on their future lives.

Widow, is no longer able to live independently Essay Example for Free

Widow, is no longer able to live independently Essay Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family? Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family? Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?

Development of Hospitality Housekeeping Technology

Development of Hospitality Housekeeping Technology Chapter-1 Introduction Housekeeping: Housekeeping refers to the management of duties and chores concerned within the running of a social unit. its conjointly wont to talk to the money allotted for such use. By extension, associate degree workplace or organization, moreover because the maintenance of storage device systems. A housekeeper is a person used to manage a social unit, and therefore the domestic employees. in step with Mrs Beetons Book of social unit Management, the house servant is second in command within the house and except in massive institutions, wherever theres a house steward, the house servant should think about herself because the immediate representative of her mistress. (Anon., n.d.) Chapter-2 P.D.A Introduction: A personal digital assistant (PDA), conjointly called a palmtop laptop, or personal information assistant, could be a mobile device that functions as a private data manager. PDAs area unit for the most part thought-about obsolete with the widespread adoption of smartphones. Nearly all current PDAs have the power to attach to the web. A personal organizer has Associate in Nursing electronic visual show, sanctioning it to incorporate an internet browser, all current models even have audio capabilities sanctioning use as a transportable media player, and conjointly sanctioning most of them to be used as mobile phones. Most PDAs will access the web, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide space Networks. Most PDAs use touchscreen technology. the primary personal organizer was discharged in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer II. Followed by Psions Series three, in 1991, that began to gibe the a lot of acquainted personal organizer vogue. It conjointly had a full keyboard . The term personal organizer was initial used on Gregorian calendar month seven, 1992 by Apple laptop chief operating officer John Sculley at the patron physical science Show in metropolis, Nevada, concerning the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the primary personal organizer with full movable practicality, the IBM Simon, which might even be thought-about the primary smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a personal organizer with full movable practicality, the 9000 soul, that became the worlds popular personal organizer. The soul spawned a brand new class of PDAs: the PDA phone, currently known as smartphone. Another early entrant during this market was Palm, with a line of personal organizer product that began in March 1996. (Anon., n.d.) Features of P.D.A: A typical electronic device includes a touchscreen for coming into knowledge, a memory card slot for knowledge storage, and IrDA, Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi. However, some PDAs might not have barely screen, mistreatment softkeys, a directional pad, and a numeric data input device or a thumb keyboard for input; this can be usually seen on telephones that square measure incidentally PDAs.In order to own the functions expected of a electronic device, a devices code usually includes a meeting calendar, a disruption list, Associate in Nursing address book for contacts, a calculator, and a few type of memoranda (or note) program. PDAs with wireless knowledge connections conjointly usually embrace Associate in Nursing email consumer and an online browser. (Anon., n.d.) P.D.A’s use in housekeeping: A personal digital assistant be use for alter sounds, buttons, tools and far additional. Use your personal digital assistant to suit your personal or business style. Store personal and business contacts. Record contact data into the address book, wherever its safely keep and simply accessible. Use cellular functions for causation and receiving calls or messages if your personal digital assistant may be a phone and organizer to Manage tasks. produce a To-do list thats displayed on your home page. Organize calendar for events, appointments or forthcoming tasks. Set a reminder alarm to present you a notice before forthcoming item.Calculate figures with the personal digital assistant calculator.Search the online. bestride the net to look pages or transfer information. Send or receive emails or text messages from cellular suppliers or instant courier services. Download and play music or videos. Take photos or record video. Type in Word to jot notes or w rite a document. Use surpass to create and write spreadsheets. Connect between your personal digital assistant and laptop or laptop computer to transfer information, save documents or synchronize all information. Chapter-3 Radio Frequency Identification Device. Uses of rfid in housekeeping: Hotels square measure still holding on to money-saving habits developed over the past few years, perpetually on the lookout for tactics to trim their budget whereas remaining effective. thats why the employment of radio-frequency identification microchips in edifice uniforms and linens square measure starting up as a money-saving investmentThe chips square measure designed to trace the movement of uniforms or linens to and from laundry areas so as to chop down on excess washes, continuation the lifetime of most materials. â€Å"The chips themselves outlive the clothes,† aforesaid William Beatty, linen manager for the Revel urban center. â€Å"One of the most important edges these chips offer USA is that it keeps our request straight. The previous system of exploitation bar codes and manually investigation linens is out.† (Anon., n.d.) Chapter-4 MICROFIBER Introduction:Microfiber or microfiber is fiber finer than one or one’s denier or decitex/thread. this is often 1/100th the diameter of a personalitys hair and 1/20th the diameter of a strand of silk. the foremost common varieties of microfibers are made of polyesters, polyamides (e.g., nylon, Kevlar, Nomex, trogamide), or a conjugation of polyester, polyamide, and polypropene (Prolen). Microfiber is employed to form mats, knits, and weaves for attire, upholstery, industrial filters, and cleansing product. The shape, size, and combos of artificial fibers ar chosen for specific characteristics, together with softness, toughness, absorption, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities. (Anon., n.d.) How microfibers help in cleaning: In cleansing product, microfiber are often 100 percent polyester, or a mix of polyester and polymeric amide (nylon). It are often each a woven product or a non woven product, the latter most frequently employed in restricted use or disposable cloths. In a number of the highest-quality materials for several cleansing applications, the fiber is split throughout the producing method to provide areas in every fiber. If one were to appear at a cross section of the many split microfiber material below extreme magnification, itd appear as if AN asterisk. it is the split fiber, and also the size of the individual filaments operating in conjunction with the areas between them that will the work. They develop and hold the mud and dirt, and absorb liquid.Unlike cotton, microfiber leaves no lint, the exception being some small suede blends, wherever the surface is automatically processed to provide a soft plush feel. (Anon., n.d.) Environmental and safety: Microfiber textiles tend to be ignitible if factory-made from hydrocarbons (polyester) or carbohydrates (cellulose) and emit deadly gases once burning, a lot of thus if aromatic (PET, PS, ABS) or treated with halogenated flame retarders and aromatic dyes.Their polyester and nylon stock square measure made up of petrochemicals, that dont seem to be a natural resource and dont seem to be perishable. However, if created out of plastic, theyre 100% reusable (Prolen).For most cleanup applications theyre designed for continual use instead of being discarded once use. (An exception is that the precise cleanup of optical parts wherever a wet material is drawn once across the thing and should not be used once more because the detritus collected and currently embedded within the material could scratch the optical surface.) In several house cleanup applications (washing floors, furniture, etc.) microfiber cleanup materials is used while not detergents or cleanup soluti ons which might preferably be required.There square measure environmental issues concerning this product coming into the oceanic organic phenomenon. However, no pesticides square measure used for manufacturing artificial fibres (in comparison to cotton). If these merchandise square measure manufactured from plastic yarn, the yarn is dope-dyed; i.e. no water is employed for colouring (as with cotton, wherever thousands of litres of water become contaminated) (Anon., n.d.) Chapter-5 Light and Climate Control Introduction: The system is integrated to the hotel’s management system permitting employees to examine the period standing of an area from occupancy to guest wants and requests. this permits employees to execute their tasks additional with efficiency.Within the space, a guest will show employees if the space must be created, if theres cleanup to be picked up, trigger associate alarm for emergencies or prefer ‘do not disturb’.Staff will monitor and management HVAC supported occupancy to scale back energy prices, attend to guest requests instantly for improved service, quick cool rooms for comfort once the guest checks in and monitor guest departure for cleanup service.In sensible terms, this suggests work doesn’t disturb guests and HVAC and lighting area unit neer wasting energy in unoccupied rooms.This clever system will mechanically switch all lighting, flip the climate system to a additional economic level and shut the blinds as before long because the g uest checks out. About light and climate control device: An possibility for mounting a multifunction electrical device outside the guest space is out there. this could be wont to notify edifice workers the space standing, as an example, â€Å"make up room†, â€Å"do not disturb† or â€Å"laundry pick-up required†. The multifunction electrical device may be used as a door bell. This door bell may be disabled if the guest has appointed the â€Å"do not disturb† operate of the system.Once within, the guest enters the space card key into the management systems card holder and this could then trigger multiple functions like open blinds, change thermostat to previous set level and switch on lighting. With the system able to perform multiple functions mechanically, the guest doesnt got to actively act with the system, because the system is interacting with them. This automation adds to guest comfort as they don’t got to operate multiple panels, setting the space to their f eeling.When the guest leaves the space taking the cardboard key with them, the space can mechanically perform a pack up sequence when a delay. at intervals the pack up sequence, the thermostat are set to a cost-effective mode, all lighting are changed, selected power points may be disabled, thus removing electronic devices on stand-by power and therefore the blinds may be closed insulating the space from potential activity.If the sleeping room incorporates a balcony door or window, the system may be set in order that if the guest opens either of those, then the air con system can mechanically switch or amendment to a desired mode. This energy saving feature will contribute to considerably reducing the price of running air con services unnecessarily. Motion detection at intervals the lavatory may be a helpful feature and prevents guests sorting out management panels within the dark. The operation of the detector may be obsessed on the time, permitting totally different functionalists between night and day. as an example, if occupancy is detected within the lavatory for the primary time throughout the night, the lighting can slowly work up to a coffee level, permitting guests to regulate. when no occupancy has been detected, the lighting can mechanically close up therein space. Chapter- 6 Mirror television Introduction: A Mirror TV or TV Mirror may be a tv device thats convertible to a mirror. Mirror TVs area unit typically used to avoid wasting area or conceal physical science in living areas like bedrooms and living rooms.Mirror TVs are often integrated into interior styles, together with sensible Homes and residential automation integration.The device consists of specially built mirror glass with AN digital display TV behind the reflected surface. The mirror is fastidiously polarized to permit a picture to transfer through the mirror,specified once the TV is off, the device seems like a mirror. Models embody High-Definition practicality, common with the digital display technology utilized in the screens. Some makers supply high-end input and output choices for entire-home A/V integration. (Anon., n.d.) (Anon., n.d.) The Mirror Barcelona: the mirror Barcelona is a hotel in Barcelona which is completely made up of mirrors which are televisions. It has 63 rooms and every room has Smart design rooms. TV LED (ultra-thin) 40 in room. TV LED (ultra-thin) 22 in W.C.Hairdryer Bed of 1.80 m Treca de Paris House Lighting scenes generation Room with alarm intrusion proximity card access control system Soundproofing of high quality Doors with automatic shelf system Automatic Do not disturb Independent efficient air-conditioning Free cable and wireless internet (50 Mb symmetric) (Anon., n.d.) Conclusion Hospitality may be a never ending business. It provides a wide scope of different opportunity in different fields. And the new upcoming trends are helping this industry develop and flourish. Cleanliness is just a part of housekeeping. The main objective of housekeeping is maintaining order and the new trends are helping the housekeeping department work efficiently and smoothly.

Japanese Katana Essay -- Art, Sword, Samurai

A popular ancient Japanese saying states that â€Å"The sword is the soul of the warrior.† (Buchanan 120) The warrior in the proverb pertains to the samurai of feudal Japan and the sword refers to their most prominent weapon, the Katana. An ancient blade made through a complicated forging process, the Katana is truly a work of art. Also known as the Japanese long sword or the samurai sword, the Katana is a curved, single-edged blade with ridges along its exterior. It is primarily used as a weapon to cut down or slash its foes (Robinson 28). The ridges along the blade, called the hamon, divides the soft metal components, the shingane, from the hadagane of the hard metal components used to forge the sword to give it its trademark razor sharp edge and flexibility (Turnbull 12). The blade of the Katana is around sixty to seventy centimeters in length and is often likened to the arc of the new moon. With its signature curved edge and its fusion of hard and soft metals, the Katana i s considered to be the greatest offensive weapon ever created (O’Neill 114,116). It is a hallmark of Japanese sword history and is a noteworthy aspect of Japanese craftsmanship. The Japanese Katana is an important symbol of Japanese culture whose significance must be asserted. Stories about war and implements of such can be observed throughout the course of Japanese history. This shows the prevalence of martial training and the profession of arms as a tradition that has not faded since ancient times (Friday and Humitake 13). Japanese sword history spans several centuries. It is commonly divided into five major periods, the Jokoto and Koto periods or the ancient swords, pre-650 A.D, and the old swords from post-650 A.D. until 1596 A.D. when the Shinto... ...h their swords. [†¦] All lived by a code that valued death over defeat. They were the samurai, the elite warrior class who ruled Japan for nearly 700 years, leaving an indelible mark on a land [Japan][†¦].† (O’Neill 101) This quote taken from a National Geographic publication is one of many others that speak of the tenacity of the samurai. Noble and aggressive, the samurai wield their swords with killing intent, confident that a simple strike from their blades can cause certain death to their foes. This was the primary reason the Katana is made in such a way. It is to create a weapon of absolute destruction. An implement comprising of aspects that symbolize elegance and devastation, the Katana not only is the finest weapon ever made, it is also a beautiful work of art (Yumoto n.p.). The elegance of the Katana stems from its shape and the method used to create it.

Ronald Reagans Space Shuttle Challenger Essay -- essays research pape

Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"Space Shuttle Challenger†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the presidency of George Washington, the people of The United States have turned to the commander in chief in times of distress to receive assurance and hope. Kurt Ritter comments on President Reagan’s address to the nation given on January 28, 1986 saying, â€Å"Perhaps no president could have fulfilled the country’s need to mourn and, then, to begin to heal as skillfully as Ronald Reagan (Ritter, 3).† On that morning the space shuttle â€Å"Challenger† violently exploded while the nation watched live televised coverage of the shuttle’s launch. President Reagan was scheduled to give his State of the Union Address on that date, but instead he reached out the country in this time of mourning. He spoke from his oval office to heartbroken teachers, children, NASA Space Engineers, and the entire country. President Reagan’s reaction to the tragedy of the challenger guided the United States out of despair and into a new li ght of hope behind seven fallen heroes. In this essay I will show that Reagan gave our country a new light of hope through his emphasis on Pathos but also incorporating Ethos and Logos in this memorable presentation. There is no doubt that the when the President of the United States speaks everyone listens to what he has to say. This credibility makes the Ethos of Reagan’s Speech almost unsurpassable. As mentioned Reagan was scheduled to give a State of the Union Address to our country on the evening of January 28, 1986. Instead, he postponed it, because â€Å"the story of the day was tragedy. Here he wanted to give an upbeat speech about America moving ahead. It just didn’t fit. It seemed in congruous (Weinraub).† He showed the country that his priority is the emotions of his people by, for the first time in history, postponing on the State of the Union speech in order to discuss the current event. This strengthened the creditability of his argument immensely. He likened the astronauts to pioneers and stated in his speech that â€Å"They had a special grace, that special spirit that says, ‘Give me a challenge and I’ll meet it with joy.† With this he appea ls to the spiritual side of his audience using the word grace to describe the fallen. Again, â€Å"The president concluded by attaching the nation’s sorrow to God’s grace (Ritter, 4).† He said â€Å"As they prepared for there journey and waved ... ...ng that â€Å"nothing ends here†. Reagan’s speech on the night of January 28, 1986 dramatically â€Å"took the first step toward uniting the country in its grief (Ritter, 4)†. Ronald Reagan reached out to the schoolchildren of America and all other citizens of the United States to counsel them in time of tragedy. He gave hope to the nation through emotional and spiritual reference. He was effective in conveying his message but the way his thoughts were organized was in part ineffective. His speech is very unorganized, and he could have ordered his thoughts better. More importantly than disorganization though, Ronald Reagan reached out to a nation that needed him as there president. He gave the people of the United States hope and Reassurance, a task that the President has been expected to do since the beginning of our country. Citations Apple, R.W. Jr. â€Å"President As Healer.† The New York Times 28 Jan. 1986:A2. Ritter, Kurt, and David Heary. Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator. Connecticut: Greenwood, 1992. Sloan, Thomas O. ed. Technical Communication New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Weinraub, Bernard â€Å"Reagan Postpones State of Union Speech.† The New York Times 29 Jan. 1986:A9.

Teams in the Workforce Essay -- Job Employment Working Essays

Teams in the Workforce Introduction The working environment in the United States and in many other countries is undergoing tremendous change. The global marketplace, international trade, and the Internet have brought about a new way of looking at business. Competition has risen to levels never before attained. In order for businesses to succeed in such a competitive market, they must change their organizational structures and the way they conduct their work processes. However, change is difficult. People are the heart of any organization and in order to change people, it takes time. Collaboration is one of the new constructs that will replace hierarchy as the new inter-relational model in the workplace. These new work teams have some advantages and some disadvantages. Teams that use collaboration in the true sense are the most effective. Core Values of Collaboration The seven core values that are vital to collaboration are consensus, trust, responsibility, ownership, respect, honor, and recognition. The collaborative work ethic is the foundation for the collaborative workplace. It is a set of beliefs that is based on the fact that people come first in the workplace. It is believed that people work best when they "own " their workplace culture and their objectives are in line with those of the organization. In his book Transforming the Way We Work, Edward Marshal discusses how teams use collaboration to succeed and keep businesses competitive in the new economy. He says, " Programs that focus on organizational effectiveness, empowerment, total quality, and or self-directed work teams have been a powerful new tool for change in some companies, In most instances, however, the underlying values by which these organizatio... ...s performance results in accomplishments that serve public needs. To do this public managers must take entrepreneurial risks (Levin and Sanger, 1994). Societies and economics are changing so rapidly that it is increasingly defficult to respond to public needs. Effective public managers must continually attempt to interpret those needs and rapidly design creative responses." Bibliography Cohen, Steven, The New Effective Public Manager, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1995. Greenberg, Jerald, Managing Behavior in Organizations, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1999. Lee, Albert, Call Me Roger, Contemporary Books, New York, 1988. Marshall, Edward, Transforming the Way We Work, American Management Association, New York, 1995. Whetten, David and Kim Cameron, Developing Management Skills, Addison Longman, Inc., New York, 1998.

The Importance of Staff Development in Nursing

The purpose of this paper is to identify the educational need for and selection of an educational program. Specifically this paper will focus on defining the goals and outcomes for the educational program and describe the learning objectives as well as the design model and learner characteristics. The paper will also review the instructional methods to adopt for delivery and provide examples of resources to be used in the classroom. Lastly the paper will review methods for evaluating the learning of the audience. Based on the evaluations conducted during weeks two and three, there is a clear need for an educational program that focuses on communication training and relationship building within the critical care nursing force. Communication and collaboration are among the most essential work skills necessary for success in the healthcare arena. Without adequate communication, errors are likely to result and inefficient delivery of health care services are likely. More and more health care organizations are requiring members of their workforce to collaborate together to deliver patient care and function as a unit (Caspi & Reid, 2002). Thus it is vital that educational programs focus on enhancing incumbents skills in these areas to ensure problem solving, decision making and collaboration are effective and beneficial in the healthcare environment. As Gerber & McGuire (1999) noted it is vital that nurses learn the communications and collaborations skills necessary to enhance communication in the workplace, which will ultimately improve the efficacy of work functions and delivery of service in the health care setting. The educational program will also focus on enhancing nurses technology skills so they are more capable of working in the modern nursing or critical care unit where technological innovations are increasingly being used out of necessity (Zalumas, 1995). In a critical care nursing environment, without communication nurses cannot work efficiently with other critical care providers to ensure the best interests of the patient are carried out. The goals and outcomes of the educational intervention selected include: (1) enhancing communication within the critical care nursing unit (2) promoting greater collaboration among work teams by teaching the importance of relationship building and (3) improving critical care teams working knowledge of technological innovations including their understanding of the contributions technology makes to the nursing work environment. The educational intervention or program designed will work to improve staff members comfort level working in a team environment and encourage members of the team to problem solve together in an efficient and productive manner. Learning Objectives and Design Model For purposes of this curriculum a task oriented or centered design model will be adopted to facilitate learning among critical care nurses. This model offers steps and strategies for teaching incumbents â€Å"how to do† things within the work environment and outlines a series of activities and steps that can occur to enable individuals to attain learning and work objectives (Caspi & Reid, 2002). This model was originally developed to help promote educational supervision, but can be easily modified to accommodate the needs of critical care workers. The model assumes field instruction is vital to the success and ability of students to transfer skills from the classroom to the work environment, part of the reason this model makes sense for critical care workers (Caspi & Reid, 2002). The task orient model contains three distinct phases; the beginning phase where workers first meet and outline their goals and the tasks they will engage in, as well as negotiate â€Å"potential obstacles†; the middle phase and the end phases, where the incumbents review and prioritize goals, select tasks necessary to achieve them, and review the results (Caspi & Reid, 2002). During these latter stages students may adapt their goals and objectives or course of action to facilitate better progress or enhance their outcomes if necessary. The learning objectives for the educational model selected include enhancing students ability to interact and communicate effectively with diverse staff and patient populations, as well as improving students ability to work with technologically advanced programs. The educational program will also work to improve collaboration between work teams and reduce stress and anxiety among workers associated with using technologies that students may not be familiar with initially. Strategies for overcoming barriers to communication and collaboration within the work environment will also be discussed and highlighted as part of the learning objectives for this educational program. Learner characteristics that will be evaluated as part of the educational program are diverse and varied. They include personal characteristics including participants age, gender, experiences and educational goals as well as environmental characteristics. For the educational aims and objectives of this program to be met it is vital the teaching strategies adopted consider each student's learning characteristics individually. As pointed out previously, students in a nursing setting often look to teachers and instructors for direct guidance and support, viewing them as authority figures in an educational context. For this reason a direct learning approach is necessary as is one that promotes self direction among students. This will encourage students not only to adopt the methods and ideals suggested by instructors but also encourage students to rely more on their intrinsic ability to identify the programs and procedures most likely to facilitate higher learning and education in the classroom environment. It is likely that as students become more comfortable with the educational program developed and methods of collaboration proposed by the program, their learning characteristics may change. Thus it will be vital that instructors consider learner development at each stage of the learning process, adapting the educational program as necessary to meet student's evolving needs. The instructional methods adopted should include direct teaching approaches combined with career or work based education that facilitates a more multi dimensional â€Å"educational experiences† more intent on preparing incumbents for â€Å"career success in a full range of occupations† (Ciaccio et al. 2002, p. 300). The instructional model will also include teaching in a community based setting where critical care nurses are encouraged to interact with members of the community and communicate with community leaders and representatives (Lough, 1999). Lough (1999) supports the importance of establishing academic and community partnerships where educational institutions work with academic instructors to help identify gaps in service and help enhance the efficacy of learning programs. A work based education will involve teaching students on the job or providing on the job training. This will require evaluation of student's communication and collaboration building activities in the workplace. To facilitate this, a supervisor will be appointed or mentor that will routinely evaluate a student's communication efforts and technological ability on the job and off. The instructional model adopted will allow in house or classroom teachers to adapt their curriculum based on knowledge gathered from the work environment. Students will also be provided the opportunity to compare experiences they gain on the job with those they gain off the job and fill in the gaps in their education where necessary. No educational program is effective or complete without learner evaluation. Learner evaluation like educational instruction should be multi faceted to be effective and beneficial for all parties participating. At the end of instructional sessions, teachers should evaluate students to assess whether curriculum materials were delivered efficiently and in a manner that achieves the goals and objectives of the program. To achieve learner evaluation, teachers should survey students and ask them to self report on how well they perceive the design of the educational program to be. Students should also provide recommendations for adapting the educational curriculum in the future to better service their needs and help match their needs based on their independent learner characteristics. Learner evaluation will also come in the way of work performance reviews, which will help instructors identify whether students are achieving their goals from a work perspective.

Human †Meaning of life Essay

?I really have to give credit for my religion & beliefs for my search on the meaning of life. I’m a fully baptized Catholic, and a part of God’s Church. 17 years of being a Catholic and in search of the meaning of life, I have always thought it is about the Call to Holiness. My religion taught me that being a part of God’s Church is no accident, but because God wanted to share in His own blessed life, and in doing so He wanted me to desire & serve Him freely by following His will. And by following his will, God will grant me eternal happiness which will lead to my salvation. All Catholics knew that God sent His son, Jesus, to set an example for us. Jesus showed the perfect example & answered the call to Holiness. He showed us that we should love our neighbors as God showed His love for us; and that is what the Call to Holiness is. In search for the true meaning of life, it will take plenty of years, but for now I plan to stick with what my religion has taught me. Carl Rogers Carl Rogers emphasized & focused on self-actualization. He believed that a person should develop his/her potential to the fullest, and in good condition. In doing so, the environment of a person should be inherently good. A person will only stop developing if constraints block the development. A fully developed person shows that he/she achieved the highest level of being a right & fully-functioning human being. Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi, which means â€Å"great soul,† was an ideologist during the Independent movement of India from the British. As an ideological leader he believed violence should never be an answer to fight for his people’s rights, and should never take discrimination. He also believed that harmony, truth & equality exists between all religions. With these 2 influential personas, I have noticed similarities between them. They both talk about human beings having a common good inside of them. They emphasized that all humans were born good, but because of destructive environment, they tend to turn their backs on what is right. Sources: http://www. simplypsychology. org/carl-rogers. html http://www. ask. com/question/what-were-gandhi-s-beliefs.

Introduction of Sociology Essay

1. I think that sociologist should try to reform society, based on what they have studied about sociology. Because the main job of those sociologists is to study and research about the society and the human behavior, they are the ones who understand it the best. As a result, they should reform it, not others. 2. If I were a sociologist, I would use all of sociological perspectives, because each perspective has its own advantage and disadvantage. * Symbolic Interactionism: According to the symbolic interaction’s perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. However, with the example about applying Symbolic Interactionism to U.S. marriages and divorces over time, this perspective just shows the sligh ting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. * Functional Analysis (Functionalism, and structural functionalism) each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s functioning as a whole. This basic approach can be applied to any social group, whether an entire society, a college, or even a group as small as a family. Nevertheless, when any social group loses function, functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment. * Conflict Theory: conflict theorists stress that society is composed of group that are competing with one another for scarce resources. However, with the example about Feminist, the conflict perspective shows that women are more powerful in making headway in their historical struggle with men. As the result, the combination of 3 perspectives is the best sociological perspective I would use.

Dismissing A Worker For Misconduct

As an HRD Manager what steps you will initiate before dismissing a workman found guilty of misconduct where there is the presence of a strong employees union.Union or no union, any employee at any level within an organization, should not be spared for misconduct and appropriate action should be taken as per the organization’s policies and principles. Having said that the employee in question should be given ample scope, support and assistance to defend his or her case.Upon knowledge of such incidence with a worker, the HRD manager,1. Check with the file of the worker, the details of such as the date of association and other relevant information. 2. He has to check whether it’s a case of habitual misconduct or a gross misconduct. 3. In case of habitual misconduct he has to gather the information of the previous incidences, actions taken and remedial corrections on part of the worker, if any. 4. Habitual misconducts include late coming, absenteeism; taking frequent breaks etc. the worker and the supervisor should be sensitized on the gravity of the misconduct and corrective course suggested.5. In case of a grave misconduct, the worker should be called in and asked to give an explanation. 6. The case has to be briefed to him in detail and he should be asked to present his side of the story. 7. The HRD Manager has to ensure beforehand that all details regarding the case are with him and he is through them thoroughly before sitting with the worker. 8. After the worker has put his case, the manager has to come to a conclusion whether there is a case in the first place. When evidence of misconduct is apparent, he should seek whether the worker accepts the charges. 9. There could be three consequences:a. the worker accepts the charges b. the worker partially accepts the charges c. the worker still denies misconduct.10. When the worker has accepted having done misconduct, appropriate disciplinary action should be initiated as per the policies of the establ ishment. 11. The same needs to be intimated to the union.12. Any further interference on part of the union becomes wrong and chance are that no such interference will take place once the worker has agreed in writing of the misconduct. 13. When the worker has accepted only some of the charges, the HRD manager ahs to establish whether the charges accepted amount to any substantial punishment or not. 14. Show cause notice needs to be issued to the worker and appropriate action taken. Union should be intimated of the same.15. In case of non acceptance and partial acceptance to other than grave issues, a domestic inquiry should be initiated using a designated internal investigating officer. 16. When the report of the internal investigation substantiates the misconduct, the union needs to be informed and taken into confidence. 17. When there are chances of resistance from the union, the HRD manager should sit with the representative of union and win his confidence. One can use lines such as, â€Å"this time he has done this with the establishment, next time he may as well ruin the union reputation†.18. Post union’s confidence appropriate action should be taken. 19. In case of disagreement and incorrect interference and influence by the union, the case should be taken to a tribunal or labour court. 20. In the state of Tamil Nadu, a worker found guilty of misconduct should be given a Final Show Cause Notice, after the report of the internal inquiry. 21. Disciplinary action may, depending on the gravity of the issue, be warning, suspension for a maximum period of 4 days or dismissal. 22. When the worker in question is an office bearer of the union, the relevant provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act should be referred to and adhered.

History Sba

Acknowledgement First I would like to thank god for giving me the strength and ability to complete this project. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this assignment possible. My Teacher, Mr. Harvey, for giving me this project as I have learnt many things about The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, the effects it had on Africa and African arrival into the new world. My Bother, who helped me with the collection of data and My family and friends for the constant reminders and encouragement to remain committed to the task at hand. Table of ContentsTopics Page # Introduction iv The Negative And Postive Effects of The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: 1 Negative Social Effects 2-3 Negative Economical Effects 4-5 Negative Political Effects 6-7Positive Effects 8 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Appendices 11 Candidate’s Name: Toniqui Adams Candidate’s #: Centre #: School’s Name: Meadowbrook HighIntroduction Th is project will be about the Effects the Atlantic slave trade, also known as the Transatlantic slave trade had on Africa, this was the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. It lasted from the 16th century to the 19th century. Most slaves were shipped from West Africa and Central Africa and taken to the New World . Generally slaves were obtained through coastal trading with Africans, though some were captured by European slave traders through raids and kidnapping and this led to the great period ofAfrican hardship, turmoil and the coming of Africans to the New World now known as North, Central and South America and the West Indies. The main aim of this project is to show whether the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade had more negative effects than positive effects on Africa. Negative Social Effects The trans-Atlantic had a lot of negative social effects as it led to the removal of millions of young men and women led to depopulation that stifled African creativity and production. It led to general feeling of insecurity in African societies as Africans ere afraid of being captured and then enslaved, which caused persons to abandon their homes and relocate to be secure from the threat of slave raids and some areas however encountered overpopulation as people sought safety and protection from the trade, in remote areas where the soil was not so good and they were unable to grow enough crops to feed themselves. Africa became a continent of violence, war, fear and famine. The men who remained or was left behind in Africa began to take on second and third wives, mostly to produce more children, a ready source for the slave market.As greed and insatiability for money grew, raising children became a business many women often had their children kidnapped and enslaved. Africa also lost more men than women in the slave trade and this caused the balance of society to be distorted. This eventually generated crucial environmental effects. The trade contributed to the diminishing of brotherhood and community spirit in African societies as Africans began to capture other Africans for money and European wealth, communities fell apart because of slave raids which destroyed villages and left some Africans dead and others homeless.It also led to the degrading of certain religious cultures, as they were warped to complete the needs of the slave trade. Kings, chiefs and rich merchants exploited the common people by bartering them to African traders and Europeans for guns, cloth and metal wears. (Appendix 1) According to J. D Fage â€Å"King Tegbesu of Dahomey made ? 250,00 a year by selling slaves in 1750, this was even more than an English duke’s income. † Families were also disrupted, they were left with orphans, families with single parents and in some cases some families did not survive slave raids. In addition they did not have the ccustomed support system as to help in provi ding security, health and community spirit. It also led to some Africans losing their culture and some lost their identity as they were brought to the New World (Appendix 2) and was exposed in learning the cultures of the Americas and the language and names used in the Americas this led to persons cutting their ties with their culture in Africa. The Slave Trade led to the Africans having low self-esteem because they were effectively turned into a commodity to facilitate the trade, that impacted the self image of the Africans despite heir enormous amount of talent, and resources that the continent and its people are endowed with. So most Africans today, see themselves as inferior to Europeans. Negative Economical Effects on Africa The Trans-Atlantic slave trade had crucial negative economical effects on Africa. It caused a downfall of Africa’s economy as it stifled technological advancement, and created a class of elite rulers and traders. It led to many of Africa’s coa stal areas being dependent on slavery and human merchandise as many of Africa’s coastal areas had been exchanging humans for merchandise for centuries.Their economies were geared to slave exporting, and they were dependent on the commodities they obtained for slaves. Ceasing the slave trade caused economic hardship, especially for groups who had no products to substitute for slave exports. It also led to a decline in agriculture, owing to the devastation of land during slave raids and wars, the capture of farmers, and the abandonment, by farmers, of in favour of slavery. The mining industry was also ruined and the economy dominated by slaving and imported manufactured goods from Europe. Imports like firearms which helped ncreased inter-tribal wars, led to Africa giving away a lot of their wealth buying British-made firearms (of very poor quality) and industrial-grade alcohol. The trade robbed Africa of skilled craftsmen and helped to ruin the livelihood of those craftsmen who remained, for example cloth, iron, pots and hoes, were imported goods made in European factories, which were cheaper than the locally produced ones, and were bought with slaves. The Trade Brought underdevelopment to Africa as they were trading all their wealth and skilled persons to the Europeans for simple European goods and not luxury goods.Hugh Thomas stated that â€Å"The shortage of blacks threatened the total ruin of the kingdom , for the black slave is the basis of the hacienda and the source of wealth which the realm produced. † The continent’s human resources were kidnapped, kept in dehumanizing Barracoons (appendix 3) and sold out to eager and willing buyers and were shipped in more barbaric and appalling conditions (Appendix 4) on the slave ships to the New World where most of them died or laboured perpetually to build the New World without due compensation and thus Africa was raped of future leaders, prospective uilders and this led to Africa setting back a lot of progress made by many African Societies. The trade led to an influx of interior European goods and this undermined local industries, especially salt-making, the manufacturers of cotton goods and metal- ware. It about a sense of insecurity that discouraged economic enterprises and it also led to some traditional art being inferior to those previously produced and thus Africa lost out on the creative art works because its standards became very low. Africa’s wealth began to drift and went to European countries and thus Africa became nderdeveloped and began to suffer an economical crisis. Negative Political Effects The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade had major negative political effects on Africa. It led to a rise of professional armies as big the influence the European imported guns had on Africa. This however, many wars and conflicts among Africans because the demand for slaves usually went hand in hand with the demand for guns. The slave trade caused political instability, weakened states, promoted political fragmentation and resulted in a deterioration of domestic legal institutions.In many cases the village chiefs had a say in the negative effects on Africa as most of them were corrupted and greedy for European wealth. The village leaders made laws and if disobeyed Africans would be punished by being sold into slavery to the Europeans. The political system was undermined and in addition the legal system was also undermined. This was because the feeling of Superiority the village chief felt with guns. This led to military skills in some areas becoming more important than the traditional political systems. States such as Benin , Oyo and Dahomey acquired the trength to expand and impose their authority upon their neighbours from the economic prosperity derived from the slave trade. The influence of the trade tended strongly towards the corruption of the judicial process, with law breakers being often sentenced to slavery for minor offences and the inn ocent declared guilty in order to augment the supply of slaves. Aggressive tribalism increased, and in some cases whole tribes and nations were virtually destroyed as a result. Slave trading built up the power of chiefs where it was already present, from a broadly representative character into an autocratic one.It also caused an emergency of a number of large and powerful kingdoms that relied on a militaristic culture of constant warfare to generate the great numbers of human captives required for the trade with the Europeans. Some kingdoms began to expand rapidly as a result of this commerce trading slaves for firearms. These kingdoms with their formidable army, aided by advanced iron technology, captured immense numbers of slaves that were profitably sold to traders. The aggressive pursuit of slaves through warfare and raiding led to the ascent of these kingdoms being a major slave exporter.Positive Effects In spite of being overwhelmingly detrimental to Africa the slave trade did have some positive effects. Social Effects It brought about into being a class of merchants and businessmen who were able to meet and deal with their counterparts on equal terms, and the entrepreneurial spirit of West Africans stimulated as a result. Economic Effects Agriculture production in the coastal areas received a boost, brought about by the demand for provisions for both the slave ships and the prisons in which the slaves were kept before being shipped. The crops grown included maize and cassava, Appendix 5) both of these had been introduced from the Americas by the slave trade, and both became staple crops of Africa. Political Effects. There were political benefits to Africa from the slave trade because some members of the African elite benefited from the trade. Some of them were directly involved in the trade and gained a lot of firearms and European wealth and thus making them wealthy in their villages . Conclusion The immense misery and suffering prod-Atlantic slave tra de cannot be measured. It was the greatest and most inhumane trade of this type the world has ver known, far worse than that of the Arab slave trade, or that carried on across the Sahara. It can be said that a few positive effects that Africa gained was only beneficial for slave traders, Europeans and village chiefs and was nothing compared to the turmoil and suffering that was bestowed on Africa. The rights that were deprived from the Africans, millions of lives were lost, families were torn apart and Africa was destroyed in all aspects. It breathed such new life into African slavery that by the beginning of the twentieth century there were still several million slaves to be found in Africa.The shortage of man power had a great economic impact and this helped to destroy Africa’s valuable economy. Africa was so ruined that the few positive effects could not heal Africa’s slavery scars and it is perhaps not too difficult to see a connection between Africa then and the u nder-development of present day Africa. Bibliography Claypole, W. and John Robottom, Caribbean Story, Book one: Longman Publishers, 1990 Hamilton-Willie, D. Lest You forget, Caribbean Economy and Slavery: Jamaica Publishing House Ltd, 2001. Greenwood, R. and Hamber, S, Amerindians to Africans: Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2003J. D Fage , The History Of West Africa: Cambridge University Press Publishers, 1969. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade, The Story Of The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870: Simon & Schuster Publishers Ltd, 1997. Websites: Africanhistory. about. com Antislavery. org Appendix 1 Osnaburg Cloth and Guns traded for slaves. Appendix 2 Slaves Conformed on the plantations wearing Osnaburg Clothes. Appendix 3 Slave Barracoon Appendix 4 Slaves chained aboard the ship in barbaric conditions. Appendix 5 Crops Gown on the coast to provide food for the slave ships (Cassava and Maize).